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Resumen
Este artículo examina la compleja interacción entre las estrategias antiterroristas y los derechos fundamentales a un juicio justo. Aborda la cuestión de si los regímenes jurídicos utilizados para combatir el terrorismo vulneran derechos humanos básicos. El estudio analiza los efectos de las leyes antiterroristas sobre los derechos procesales, incluida la independencia del poder judicial, la imparcialidad y el derecho a la defensa. Mediante un enfoque de análisis comparativo, el documento se centra en sistemas jurídicos en los que se han identificado derogaciones relacionadas con violaciones de los derechos procesales, y destaca cuestiones vinculadas con los tribunales especiales, las leyes de emergencia y diversas medidas de seguridad. De este modo, el estudio ofrece una perspectiva crítica de las deficiencias estructurales, basándose en jurisdicciones seleccionadas según sus marcos antiterroristas pertinentes, y no por su ubicación geográfica o similitudes jurídicas.
Los resultados revelan una tendencia alarmante: en un número significativo de jurisdicciones, las leyes antiterroristas entran en contradicción con las normas de derechos humanos generalmente aceptadas, lo que obstaculiza las garantías procesales bajo el pretexto de la seguridad nacional. El aplazamiento del acceso a los servicios jurídicos, los juicios a puerta cerrada, la utilización de tribunales especiales y la dependencia de instrumentos legales promulgados durante estados de emergencia resultan contrarios al espíritu de un poder judicial abierto e imparcial. En consecuencia, estas prácticas suscitan serias preocupaciones respecto de si las necesidades de seguridad deben prevalecer sobre los derechos humanos fundamentales.
La investigación concluye que, si bien no existe duda sobre la necesidad de combatir el terrorismo, las medidas preventivas deben ser objeto de un estricto control y sustentarse en sólidas garantías procesales. La autonomía de los tribunales ordinarios, la transparencia del proceso judicial y el fortalecimiento de los mecanismos de supervisión internacional constituyen pilares esenciales para garantizar un equilibrio adecuado entre la justicia y la seguridad.
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