PDF (English)
FLIP
HTML (English)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Aquellos autores/as que tengan publicaciones con esta revista, aceptan los términos siguientes:
- Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de reconocimiento no comercial de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores/as podrán adoptar otros acuerdos de licencia no exclusiva de distribución de la versión de la obra publicada (p. ej.: depositarla en un archivo telemático institucional o publicarla en un volumen monográfico) siempre que se indique la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada. (Véase El efecto del acceso abierto).
Resumen
La Inteligencia Artificial (IA) ha sido central en el diálogo sobre un marco legal que aborde la creación de un equilibrio entre la IA y los derechos humanos por parte de los gobiernos del mundo. En 1997, Gary Kasparov, Gran Maestro y campeón mundial de ajedrez, fue derrotado por Deep Blue, una computadora rectangular negra desarrollada por IBM Inc. Una nueva era ha comenzado ante los ojos del mundo cuando una máquina derrotó a una de las personas más brillantes e inteligentes del planeta en uno de los juegos más intelectualmente desafiantes, jamás creados por el hombre. Después de una amplia discusión de los pros y contras de la inteligencia artificial con respecto a los derechos humanos, la creación y uso cada vez mayor de la AI ha generado momentum para la necesaria regulación de la industria de la inteligencia artificial. Una cobertura más amplia y una equidad sustancial mediante la provisión de recursos legales contra diferentes tipos de violaciones de derechos humanos en el sector servicios y la industria laboral han demostrado ser una necesidad importante. El uso de la IA tiene sus proponentes y oponentes; sin embargo, algunas formas de IA son importantes y deseables para una evolución humana tecnológicamente moderna. No obstante, la inquietante pregunta que surge hoy es si, al transferir la experiencia del pasado al futuro, el desempleo masivo, la pobreza masiva y las distorsiones sociales seguirán siendo un posible escenario para el nuevo mundo, un mundo donde los robots, los sistemas inteligentes y los algoritmos desempeñarán un papel cada vez más central. Este artículo aborda un análisis crítico de los efectos de la IA sobre los derechos humanos, examinando estructuras económicas, relaciones y perfiles de trabajo y modelos ya establecidos de horarios de trabajo y remuneración, que sufrirán cambios importantes debido al mayor uso de la IA. Al desmitificar precedentes recientes en el ámbito internacional, los autores intentan arrojar luz sobre el impacto fundamental de los nuevos desarrollos técnicos sobre el mercado laboral global en los próximos años, no solo en trabajos industriales, sino en tareas humanas en el sector servicios que son consideradas "intocables". Por lo tanto, considerando las dos caras de la moneda, el artículo discute de manera concisa la polaridad entre la ausencia de un reconocimiento legal de la IA y su impacto.
Palabras clave:
Citas
Acemoglu, Daron and Pascual Restrepo. Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets, NBER Working Paper No. 23285, Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017.
AI Now Report. The Social and Economic Implications of Artificial Intelligence Technologies inthe Near-Term. A summary of the AI Now public symposium, hosted by the White House and New York Universitys Information Law Institute, July 7th, 2016. Version 1.0, 22 September, 2016, https://artificialintelligencenow.com.
Angwin, Julia, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu and Lauren Kirchner. Machine bias. Pro-Publica (23 May 2016). https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing.
Arntz, Melanie, Terry Gregory and Ulrich Zierahn. The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries. A Comparative Analysis. Paris: OECD, 2016. http://www.ifuturo.org/sites/default/files/docs/automation.pdf
Arthur, W. Brian. The nature of technology: What it is and how it evolves. London: Allen Lane, 2009.
Berloznik, Robby, Raf Casert, Robby Deboelpaep et al. eds. Technology Assessment on Converging Technologies. Brussels: European Parliament, STOA, 2006.
Biocca, Frank. Media and the laws of mind. Preface to G. Riva, F. Davide, and Isselstein, eds. Being There: Concepts, effects and measurements of user presence in synthetic environments. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2003, v-ix.Bostrom, Nick y Vincent C. Millar. Future progress in artificial intelligence: A survey of expert opinion. En Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence. Vincent C. Muller (ed.). Berlin, Springer: Synthese Library, 2016.
Bozdag, Engin. Bias in algorithmic filtering and personalization. Ethics and Information Technology 15, no. 3 (2013): 209-27.
Cattaneo, Gabriella, Giorgio Micheletti, Alys Woodward, and David Osimo. European Data Market SMART 2013/0063 D 3.6 and D 3.7 Data Ownership and Access to Data Key Emerging Issues. Final Release January 29, 2016.
Christl, Wolfie and Sarah Spiekermann. Networks of Control. A Report on Corporate Surveillance, Digital Tracking, Big Data & Privacy. Vienna: Facultas, 2016.
Citron, Danielle K., and Frank Pasquale. The scored society: Due process for automated predictions. Washington Law Review 89 (2014): 1; University of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2014-8. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2376209
Coeckelbergh, Mark. Health care, capabilities, and AI assistive technologies. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 13, no. 2 (2010): 181-90.
Council of Europe. Young people combating hate speech on-line. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, April 15, 2012.
Donahoe, Eileen. So Software Has Eaten the World: What Does It Mean for Human Rights, Security & Governance Part 1. Human Rights Watch (March 22, 2016). https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/03/22/so-software-haseaten-world-what-does-it-mean-human-rights-security-governance.
Duch-Brown, Nestor, Bertin Martens, and Frank Mueller-Langer. The economics of ownership, access and trade in digital data. JRC Working Papers on Digital Economy no. 2017-01. https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/iptdecwpa/2017-01.html
Eskens, Sarah, Jelte Timmer, Linda Kool, and Rinie van Est. Beyond control. Exploratory study on the discourse in Silicon Valley about consumer privacy in the Internet of Things. The Hague: Rathenau Instituut, 2016. https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2779138/176164_Beyond_Control_Final_04042016.pdf
European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS). Opinion 4/2017 on the Proposal for a Directive on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content (14 March 2017).
European Parliament Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI Committee). Report with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103[INL]) (27 January 2017).
Eyal, Nir and Ryan Hoover. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. New York: Penguin Random House, 2014.
Finders, Karl. IPsoft gives automation platform a face. ComputerWeekly.com (September 30, 2014). https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240231755/IPsoft-givesautomation-platform-a-face [Accessed 29 June 2016].
Frey, Carl Benedict and Michael A. Osborne. The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerization? Oxford: Oxford Martin School, 2013.
Fuchs, Michael. Session 2 - Technology, intervention and control of individuals. Emerging technologies and human rights. International Symposium, Strasbourg, 4-5 May 2015.
Garvie, Clare, Alvaro Bedoya, and Jonathan Frankle. The perpetual line-up: Unregulated police face recognition in America. Georgetown Law Center on Privacy & Technology (18 October 2016). www.perpetuallineup.org.
Horvitz, Eric. One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence: Reflections and Framing. Microsoft.com (January 1, 2014). https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/one-hundred-year-study-artificial-intelligence-reflections-framing/
International Working Group on Data Protection in Telecommunications (Berlin Telecom Group). Working Paper on Web Tracking and Privacy. Respect for Context, Transparency and Control Remains Essential. 53rd meeting, Prague, April 15-16, 2013.
Kaminski, Margot E. and Shane Witnov. The Conforming Effect: First Amendment Implications of Surveillance, Beyond Chilling Speech. University of Richmond Law Review 49 (2015); Ohio State Public Law Working Paper No. 288. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2550385.
Koebler, Jason. Why American farmers are hacking their tractors with Ukrainian firmware. Motherboard (March 21, 2017), https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/why-american-farmers-arehacking-their-tractors-with-ukrainian-firmware.
Kool, Linda, Jelte Timmer, and Rinie van Est, eds. Sincere support: The rise of the e-coach. The Hague: Rathenau Instituut, 2015. https://www.rathenau.nl/nl/publicatie/sincere-support-rise-e-coach.
Koops, Bert-Jaap, Angela Di Carlo, Luca Nocco, et al. Robotic technologies and fundamental rights: Robotics challenging the European constitutional framework. International Journal of Technoethics 4, no. 2 (2013): 15-35.
Kosinski, Michal, David Stillwell, and Thore Graepel. Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) 110, no. 15 (2013): 5802-5.
Kranzberg, Melvin. Technology and History: Kranzbergs Laws. Technology and Culture 27, no. 3 (1986): 544-60.
Leroux, Christophe, and Roberto Labruto. D3.2.1 Ethical legal and societal issues in robotics. euRobotics The European Robotics Coordination Action (December 31, 2012). http://www.eurobotics-project.eu/cms/upload/PDF/euRobotics_Deliverable_D.3.2.1_ELS_IssuesInRobotics.pdf
Levin, McCorduck, Moerel E.M.L. and J.E.J. Prins. Privacy voor de homo digitalis?. En:Homo Digitalis. E.M.L. Moerel, J.E.J. Prins, M. Hildebrandt, T.F.E TjongTjin Tai, G-J. Zwenne and A.H.J. Schmidt (eds.). Handelingen Nederlandse Juristen-Vereniging 146e jaargang/2016-I. Wolters Kluwer, 2016.
Levin, Sam, and Nicky Woolf. Tesla driver killed while using autopilot was watching Harry Potter, The Guardian (1 July 2016). https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/01/tesla-driver-killed-autopilot-self-driving-car-harry-potter
O Manique, Colleen. The Securitization of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: A critical feminist lens. In A Decade of Human Security: Global Governance and New Multilateralisms, Sandra J. Maclean, David R. Black, and Timothy M. Shaw (eds.). New York: Ashgate Press, 2006, 161-178.
Pariser, Eli. The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. London: Penguin Books, 2011.
Purdy, Mark, and Ladan Davarzani. The Growth Game-Changer: How the Industrial Internet of Things Can Drive Progress and Prosperity, Accenture, 2015. https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Global/PDF/Dualpub_18/Accenture-Executive-Summary-Growth-Game-Changer-Industrial-Internet.pdf [Accessed 29 June 2016].
Rouvroy, Antoinette. Of data and men. Fundamental rights and freedoms in a world of big data. Council of Europe, Directorate General of Human Rights and Rule of Law l, T-PD-BUR(2015)09REV (2016). http://works.bepress.com/antoinette_rouvroy/64/
Scherer, Matthew U. Regulating artificial intelligence systems: Risks, challenges, competencies, and strategies. Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 29, no. 2 (2016).
Schneier, Bruce. The Public-Private Surveillance Partnership. Schneier on Security (August 5, 2013). https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2013/08/the_publicpriva_1.html
Science and Technology Options Assessment (STOA). Ethical Aspects of Cyber-Physical Systems. Scientific Foresight Study. Brussels: European Parliament, 2016.
Scott, James C. Seeing like a State. Yale University Press, 1999.
Sharkey, Amanda, and Noel Sharkey. Granny and the robots: Ethical issues in robot care for elderly. Ethics and Information Technology 14, no. 1 (2012): 27-40.
Song, Won-Kyung, and Jongbae Kim. Novel assistive robot for self-feeding. In: Robotic Systems - Applications, Control and Programming, edited by Ashish Dutta, 2012. https://www.intechopen.com/books/robotic-systems-applications-control-and-programming/novel-assistive-robot-for-self-feeding
Stahl, Bernd C., Job Timmermans, and Catherine Flick. Ethics of emerging information and communication technologies: On the implementation of responsible research and innovation. Science and Public Policy 44, no. 3 (2016): 1-13.
Strand, Roger, and Matthias Kaiser. Report on ethical issues raised by emerging sciences and technologies. Norway: Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Bergen, 23 January 2015.
Sunstein, Cass R. Echo chambers: Bush v. Gore, impeachment, and beyond. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Tantzen, Bryan. Connected machines: Reducing unplanned downtime and improving service. Cisco Blogs (October 6, 2015). https://blogs.cisco.com/manufacturing/connected-machines-reducing-downtime [Accessed 29 June 2016].
The Senior Project. Ethics of e-inclusion of older people. Senior Discussion Paper no.2008/01. (April 2008). http://www.cssc.eu/public/Ethics%20of%20e-Inclusion%20of%20older%20people%20-%20Bled%20%20Paper.pdf.
Tjong Tjin Tai, Eric. Privaatrecht voor de homo digitalis: eigendom, gebruik en handhaving?. In Homo Digitalis. E.M.L. Moerel, J.E.J. Prins, M. Hildebrandt, et al. Schmidt Handelingen Nederlandse Juristen-Vereniging 146e jaargang/2016-I. Wolters Kluwer, 2016.
Turkle, Sherry. Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. New York: Basic Books, 2011.
Turkle, Sherry. Reclaiming conversation: The power of talk in a digital age. New York: Basic Books, 2015.
United Nations Development Program. The Human Development Report. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Van Alsenoy, B., V. Verdoodt, R. Heyman, E. Wauters, J. Ausloos y G. Acar. From social media service to advertising network. A critical analysis of Facebooks revised policies and terms. KU Leuven Center for IT & IP Law - iMinds,Working Paper, version: 1.3 (2015). https://www.law.kuleuven.be/citip/en/news/item/icri-cir-advises-belgian-privacy-commission-in-facebookinvestigation.
Van de Poel, Ibo, and Lamber Royakkers. Ethics, technology, and engineering: An introduction. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Van Est, Rinie, and Dirk Stemerding (eds.) European governance challenges in bioengineering Making perfect life: Bio-engineering (in) the 21st century. Final report. Brussels: European Parliament, STOA, 2012. https://www.rathenau.nl/nl/publicatie/making-perfect-life-final-report.
Van Est, Rinie, Dirk Stemerdink, Virgil Rerimassie, Mirjam Schuijff, Jelte Timmer, and Frans Brom. From bio to NBIC From medical practice to daily life. Report written for Council of Europe, Committee on Bioethics. The Hague: Rathenau Instituut, 2014. https://www.rathenau.nl/nl/publicatie/bio-nbic-convergencemedical-practice-daily-life.
Van Est, Rinie, Jelte Timmer, Linda Kool, et al. Rules for the digital human park: Two paradigmatic cases of breeding and taming human beings: Human germline editing and persuasive technology. Background Paper for the 11th Global Summit of National Ethics/ Bioethics Commissions, Berlin, March 16-18, 2016. https://www.rathenau.nl/nl/publicatie/regels-voor-het-digitale-mensenpark.
Van Est, Rinie, Virgil Rerimassie, Ira van Keulen, and Gaston Dorren. Intimate technology: The battle for our body and behaviour. The Hague: Rathenau Instituut, 2014. https://www.rathenau.nl/en/publication/intimate-technology-battly-our-body-and-behaviour.
Wachter, Sandra, Brent Mittelstadt, and Luciano Floridi. Why a right to explanation of automated decision-making does not exist in the general data protection regulation. (December 28, 2016). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2903469.
Weisberg, Jacob. We are hopelessly hooked. The New York Review of Books (February 2016): 6-9, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/02/25/we-are-hopelessly-hooked/
Ylimaula, Anssi, Peter H.M.P. Roelofsma, and Leo Versteeg. Deliverable 3.2. Ethical and legal requirements. Amsterdam: Center of Advanced Media Research & Department of Social Gerontology, VUA University, 2010.
Zentner, Manfred. Education for participation in a digitalised world?. Youth Partnership Partnership between the European Commission and the Council of Europe in the field of youth. Report. Symposium on youth participation in a digitalised world. Budapest (14-16 September 2015). https://pjp-eu.coe.int/documents/1017981/8525351/Education%E2%80%93+participation-digitalised-world.pdf/212f8046-1274-4575-9834-b261bab9697f
Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik. Improving privacy protection in the area of behavioural targeting. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2014.
Citado por
