A CASE FOR INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PERSONALITY OF CITIES AND LOCAL SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS

Resumo

Em 2008, com metade da população do mundo composta por homo urbanus (ou moradores urbanos) [1], houve uma crescente percepção de que as cidades se tornaram o local mais proeminente de desnacionalização que ocorre em congruência com a crescente globalização. [ 2] De fato, os autores afirmam que até a globalização tem um lugar definido, que é a cidade. [3] As cidades estão reconfigurando suas relações com outras cidades e instituições globais, numa tentativa de garantir relevância. As cidades estão rapidamente afirmando sua influência na ordem jurídica internacional, que não aceita formalmente essas entidades como pessoas internacionais. O artigo apresenta um argumento para o reconhecimento da personalidade jurídica internacional dessas unidades subnacionais, usando diferentes abordagens teóricas da personalidade internacional, incluindo direitos humanos e abordagens sociológico-construtivistas. Este artigo também procura analisar os direitos e deveres das cidades no direito internacional, seu reconhecimento de fato na estrutura internacional, bem como o desenvolvimento de princípios internacionais que governam as cidades.

Palavras-chave:

Cidades Subnacional Reconhecimento Direito Globalização Pessoas internacionais Cidade Personalidade internacional Princípios internacionais

Referências

Awiti, Alex. Building Cities for a Bulging World. Urban Gateway. Available from http://www.urbangateway.org/content/news/building-cities-bulging-world-analysis.

Benvenisti, Eyal. The International Law of Occupation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Benvenisti, Eyal. Sharing Transboundary Resources. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Blank, Yishai. The City and the World, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 44, No. 3 (2006).

Brownlie, Ian. Principles of Public International Law. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Brownlie, Ian. The Rule of Law in International Affairs: International Law at the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998.

Dicey, Albert Venn. Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. 5th ed. London: Macmillan, 1897.

Child Friendly Cities Initiative. Available from: http://childfriendlycities.org/ (accessed Nov. 1, 2017).

Gierke, Otto von. Deutsches Privatrecht. Ester Band. Allgemeiner Teil und Personenrecht. Leipzig, 1895.

Hongju Koh, Harold. 1998 Frankel Lecture: Bringing International Law Home. Faculty Scholarship Series, Paper 2102, 1998.

Hurd, Ian. Constructivism, in Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability. Submission of ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability on ways to enhance the engagement of observer organizations, 2010.

Available from: www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/smsn/ngo/209.pdf (accessed Oct. 15, 2017).

International Coalition of Inclusive and Sustainable Cities ICCAR. Available from: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/fight-againstdiscrimination/coalition-of-cities/ (accessed Nov. 1, 2017).

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2011.

International Court of Justice. Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations. Advisory Opinion, April 11, 1949. Available from https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/4.

Jackson, Robert and Georg Sorensen. Introduction to International Relations Theories and Approaches. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Kelley, Glen. Multilateral Investment Treaties: A Balanced Approach to Multinational Corporations, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 39, No. 2 (2001): 482-532.

Morgan, Glennisha. Venice to Cut Ties with St. Petersburg over Anti-Gay Law, Huffington Post (January 30, 2013).

Nijman, Janne. Non-State Actors and the International Rule of Law: Revisiting the ?Realist Theory of International Legal Personality, in Math Noortmann and Cedric Ryngaert (eds.), Non-State Actors Dynamics in International Law: From Law-Takers to Law-Makers, 91-124. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2010.

Nijman, Janne. ?The Future of the City and the International Law of the Future,? in Sam Muller et al. (eds.), Law of the Future and the Future of Law, 213-230. Oslo: Torkel Opsahl Academic Epublisher, 2011.

Nijman, Janne E. ?Renaissance of the City as Global Actor: The Role of Foreign Policy and International Law Practices in the Construction of Cities as Global Actors,?in The Transformation of Foreign Policy: Drawing and Managing Boundaries from Antiquity to the Present, 209-239. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.

Papisca, Antonio. ?International law and human rights as a legal basis for the international involvement of local governments,? in Arne Musch et al. (eds.), City Diplomacy: The Role of Local Governments in Conflict Prevention, Peacebuilding, and Post-Conflict Reconstruction, 27-46. The Hague: VNG International, 2008.

Sassen, Saskia. Territory, Authority, Rights. From Medieval to Global Assemblages. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.

Sassen, Saskia. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.

Setzer, Joana. How Subnational Governments Are Rescaling Environmental Governance: The Case Of The Brazilian State Of São Paulo. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 19, No. 5 (2017): 1-17.

The City of Yokohama Mumbai Representative Office. Available from: http://www.yokohama-mumbai.com/ (accessed Oct. 15, 2017).

The Mexico City Pact Global Cities Covenant on Climate and the carbonn® Cities Climate Registry. ?Local climate action the world can count on.? Available from: www.unfccc.int/files/conference_programme/application/pdf/mxcpact_cccr_final.

pdf (accessed Oct. 15, 2017).

Thürer, Daniel. The Emergence of Non-Governmental Organizations and Transnational Enterprises in International Law and the Changing Role of the State, in Rainer Hofmann (ed.), Non-State Actors as New Subjects of International Law, 37-58 (Berlin:Duncker & Humblot, 1999).

UN Documents Cooperation Circles. Agenda 21, Chapter 18. Protection of the quality and supply of freshwater resources. Available from: http://www.un-documents.net/a21-18.htm (accessed Nov. 1, 2017).

United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) and World Association of Cities and Local Authorities Coordination (WACLAC). Towards a world charter of local self-government. May 1998. Available from: www.gdrc.org/u-gov/charter.html (accessed Oct. 15, 2017).

United Nations. Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. General Assembly Resolution 53/144, A/RES/53/144 (March 8, 1999).

Vygotsky, Lev S. Mind in Society. Harvard University Press, 1978.

Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Wendt, Alexander. ?Anarchy is what States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics, International Organization 46, No. 2 (1992): 391-425.

Wessel, Ramses A. ?Informal International Law-Making as a New Form of World Legislation International Organizations Law Review 8 (2011): 253-265.

##submission.citations.for##