Customary Law in Modern Legal Systems: Lessons from Indonesia and South Africa

Resumo

This normative legal research focuses on the role and integration of customary law within the constitutional frameworks of Indonesia and South Africa. The study aims to understand how customary law has evolved and is currently applied within these countries’ modern legal systems. It employs an analytical descriptive methodology to scrutinize the positive legal norms of customary law and its constitutional incorporation. The research reveals that customary law is a pivotal component in both nations. It serves as a foundational element of statehood and an integral part of the legal systems recognized by their constitutions. In Indonesia, the founding fathers acknowledged customary law as essential to the nation’s identity and diversity. This perspective was further entrenched during the reform era. Similarly, South Africa’s Constitution acknowledges and safeguards customary law, reflecting the Indigenous Peoples’ legal system based on their traditions and customs. However, the study identifies significant challenges in the practical application of customary law. These include conflicts with national positive law, difficulties resolving issues among Indigenous communities, and the complexities of integrating traditional and modern legal systems. These obstacles highlight the necessity for a careful and balanced approach in formulating and implementing regulations related to customary law within the broader context of contemporary law and constitutional provisions. The findings of this research provide essential insights for policymakers and scholars. It underscores the necessity of comprehending the complexities of applying customary law within diverse socio-legal contexts, such as those in Indonesia and South Africa. The study concludes that acknowledging and respecting the unique characteristics of customary law, while addressing its integration challenges, is crucial for its effective implementation in modern legal frameworks.

Referências

Aditya, Zaka Firma. “Romantisme Sistem Hukum Di Indonesia: Kajian Atas Konstribusi Hukum Adat Dan Hukum Islam Terhadap Pembangunan Hukum Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional 8, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 37–54. https://doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v8i1.305.

Ahmad, Ahmad. “Purifikasi Pemberian Amnesti Dan Abolisi: Suatu Ikhtiar Penyempurnaan Undang Undang Dasar 1945.” Ius Civile: Refleksi Penegakan Hukum Dan Keadilan 5, no. 2 (October 28, 2021). https://doi.org/10.35308/jic.v5i2.2547.

Alhusban, Ahmad Abed Alla, Haitham A. Haloush, Hashem Alshurafat, Jebreel Mohammad Al-Msiedeen, Ali Abdel Mahdi Massadeh, and Rawan J. Alhmoud. “The Regulatory Structure and Governance of Forensic Accountancy In The Emerging Market: Challenges and Opportunities.” Journal of Governance and Regulation 9, no. 4 (2020): 149–61. https://doi.org/10.22495/jgrv9i4art13.

Apriani, Nabilah, and Nur Shofa Hanafiah. “Telaah Eksistensi Hukum Adat Pada Hukum Positif Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Aliran Sociological Jurisprudence.” Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis 3, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 231–46. https://doi.org/10.56370/jhlg. v3i3.226.

Bennett, T. W. Customary Law in South Africa. Lansdowne: Juta, 2004.

Benton, Richard Anthony. “Griffiths, Anne: Customary Law in a Transnational World: Legal Pluralism Revisited.” In Conversing with the Ancestors: Concepts and Institutions in Polynesian Customary Law. Te Matahauariki Institute, University of Waikato, 2006.

Brugman, Jan. “Snouck Hurgronje’s study of Islamic law.” In Leiden Oriental Connections 1850-1940, edited by Willem Otterspeer, 82-93. Leiden: Brill, 1989. https://doi. org/10.1163/9789004610071_008.

Chanock, Martin. The Making of South African Legal Culture, 1902-1936: Fear, Favour, and Prejudice. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. https://doi. org/10.1017/CBO9780511495403.

Commisceo Global. “Indonesia - Language, Culture, Customs and Business Etiquette.” July 20, 2023. https://www.commisceo-global.com/resources/country-guides/ indonesia-guide.

Commisceo Global. “South Africa - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette.” July 20, 2023. https://www.commisceo-global.com/resources/country-guides/south-africa-guide.

Deveaux, Monique. “Liberal Constitutions and Traditional Cultures: The South African Customary Law Debate.” Citizenship Studies 7, no. 2 (July 2003): 161–80. https:// doi.org/10.1080/1362102032000065955.

Diala, Anthony C., and Bethsheba Kangwa. “Rethinking the Interface between Customary Law and Constitutionalism in Sub-Saharan Africa.” De Jure Law Journal 52, no. 1 (2019): 189–206. https://doi.org/10.17159/2225-7160/2019/v52a12.

Ewald, William. “Comparative Jurisprudence (II): The Logic of Legal Transplants.” The American Journal of Comparative Law 43, no. 4 (1995): 489–510. https://doi. org/10.2307/840604.

Fadillah, Nor. “Tinjauan Teori Hukum Pembangunan Mochtar Kusumaatmadja Dalam Undang-Undang Ibu Kota Negara (IKN).” Supremasi Hukum: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum 11, no. 1 (August 24, 2022): 45–65. https://doi.org/10.14421/sh.v11i1.2559.

Fasseur, Cees. “Colonial dilemma: Van Vollenhoven and the struggle between adat law and Western law in Indonesia.” In The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics, edited by Jamie S. Davidson and David Henley, 70–87. London: Routledge, 2007.

Freeman, Michael D. A., and Dennis Lloyd. Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence. 7th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2001.

Hajati, Sri, Ellyne Dwi Poespasari, and Oemar Moechthar. Pengantar Hukum Indonesia. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press, 2018.

Idaman. “Relasi Kuasa-Pengetahuan Dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Di Kerajaan Konawe Abad Ke-XVII: Telaah Epistemologi Siwole Mbatohu.” Halu Oleo Law Review 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 132–56. https://doi.org/10.33561/holrev.v3i1.6076.

Joesoef, Iwan Erar. “The Idea of Customary Law Community Representation in the Regional Representative Council.” Unnes Law Journal 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 119–42. https:// doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v5i2.26984.

Kayitare, Frank. “Respect of the Right to a Fair Trial in Indigenous African Criminal Justice Systems: The Case of Rwanda and South Africa.” Master’s Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2004.

Kurniawan, Itok Dwi, and Hassan Suryono. “Eksistensi Hukum Adat Masyarakat Kampung Naga (Hukum Nasional, Hukum Waris Adat, Hukum Tanah Adat, Dan Hukum Pernikahan Adat).” Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan Ekonomi 6, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 271–87. https://doi.org/10.20961/hpe.v6i1.17992.

Kuruk, Paul. “The Role of Customary Law Under Sui Generis Frameworks of Intellectual Property Rights in Traditional and Indigenous Knowledge.” Indiana International & Comparative Law Review 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 67–118. https://doi. org/10.18060/17531.

Lahaji, H., Kamaruddin, Abdul Haris Abbas, Aida Humaira, and Muh. Fudhail Rahman. Diskursus Hukum Islam Di Indonesia. Vol. 1. Gorontalo: Buku-Buku Karya Dosen IAIN Sultan Amai Gorontalo, n.d.

Lehnert, Wieland. “The Role of the Courts in the Conflict Between African Customary Law and Human Rights.” South African Journal on Human Rights 21, no. 2 (January 2005): 241–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/19962126.2005.11865135.

Maladi, Yanis. Antara Hukum Adat Dan Ciptaan Hukum Oleh Hakim (Judge Made Law). Yogyakarta: Mahkota Kata, 2009.

Maladi, Yanis. “Eksistensi Hukum Adat Dalam Konstitusi Negara Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 41, no. 3 (September 3, 2011): 450–64. https:// doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16235.

Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2011.

Maunatlala, Kgopotso, and Charles Maimela. “The Implementation of Customary Law of Succession and Common Law of Succession Respectively: With a Specific Focus On the Eradication of The Rule of Male Primogeniture.” De Jure Law Journal 53 (2020). https://doi.org/10.17159/2225-7160/2020/v53a3.

Morudu, Ntebo L, and Charles Maimela. “The Indigenisation of Customary Law: Creating an Indigenous Legal Pluralism Within the South African Dispensation: Possible or Not?” De Jure Law Journal 54, no. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.17159/2225-7160/2021/ v54a4.

Muhammad, Nurdinah. “Resistensi Masyarakat Urban Dan Masyarakat Tradisional Dalam Menyikapi Perubahan Sosial | Muhammad | Substantia: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin.” Substantia: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin 19, no. 2 (2017). https://jurnal.ar-raniry. ac.id/index.php/substantia/article/view/2882.

Ndulo. “African Customary Law, Customs, and Women’s Rights.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 18, no. 1 (2011): 87–120. https://doi.org/10.2979/indjglolegstu.18.1.87.

Nugroho, Wahyu. “Kebijakan Pengelolaan Tambang Dan Masyarakat Hukum Adat Yang Berkeadilan Ekologis.” Jurnal Konstitusi 15, no. 4 (January 15, 2019): 816–35. https:// doi.org/10.31078/jk1547.

Nwauche, Es. “Affiliation to a New Customary Law in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 18, no. 3 (April 12, 2015): 568–92. https://doi. org/10.4314/pelj.v18i3.04.

Osman, Fatima. “The Consequences of the Statutory Regulation of Customary Law: An Examination of the South African Customary Law of Succession and Marriage.” Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 22, no. 1 (2019). https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2019/v22i0a7592.

Republic of Indonesia. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 48 of 2009 concerning Judicial Power, 2009.

Republic of Indonesia. Provisional Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1950, 1950.

Republic of South Africa. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Pretoria: Government Printer, 1996.

Romadhon, Ahmad Heru, Isnin Harianti, Nabilah Rohyana, and Melisa Agustina. “Dinamika Pranata Pemerintahan Desa Adat Dalam Dimensi Hukum Tata Negara.” Jurnal Hukum Media Bhakti 2, no. 2 (February 27, 2020). https://doi.org/10.32501/jhmb.v2i2.25.

Saki, Otto, and Tatenda Chiware. The Law in Zimbabwe. Hauser Global Law School Program, 2007.

Simangunsong, Rianto, and Herlina Panggabean. “Penyelesaian Kasus Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Oleh Anak Dibawah Umur Melalui Restorative Justice.” Tapanuli Journals 4, no. 1 (2022): 60–77.

Somadiyono, Sigit. “Perbandingan Sejarah Positivisme Hukum Di Indonesia Sebagai Penentu Politik Hukum Dimasa Yang Akan Datang.” Legalitas: Jurnal Hukum 12, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 13–26. https://doi.org/10.33087/legalitas.v12i1.191.

South African History Online. “The Zulu Kingdom and the Colony of Natal.” July 21, 2023. https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/zulu-kingdom-and-colony-natal.

Souza, Monica De. “When Non-Registration Becomes Non-Recognition: Examining the Law and Practice of Customary Marriage Registration in South Africa.” Acta Juridica, 2013, 239–72.

Sudantra, I Ketut. “Urgensi Dan Strategi Pemberdayaan Peradilan Adat Dalam Sistem Hukum Nasional.” Journal of Indonesian Adat Law (JIAL) 2, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 122–46. https://doi.org/10.46816/jial.v2i3.10.

Sugiarto, Laga, and Riski Febria Nurita. “Pandangan Negara Integralistik Sebagai Dasar Philosofische Gronslag Negara Indonesia.” Jurnal Cakrawala 9, no. 1 (June 2018). https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v9i1.1986.

Sukmariningsih, Retno Mawarini. “Penataan Lembaga Negara Mandiri Dalam Struktur Ketatanegaraan Indonesia.” Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 26, no. 2 (November 11, 2014): 194–204. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16039.

Taylor, Jean Gelman. Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003.

Ubink, Janine. “Customary Legal Empowerment in Namibia and Ghana? Lessons about Access, Power and Participation in Non-State Justice Systems: Customary Legal Empowerment in Namibia and Ghana.” Development and Change 49, no. 4 (July 2018): 930–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12415.

Wall, Devon. “Customary Law in South Africa: Historical Development as a Legal System and Its Relation to Women’s Rights.” South African History Online, 2014. https:// www.sahistory.org.za/article/customary-law-south-africa-historical-developmentlegal-system-and-its-relation-womens.

Wignjodipoero, Soerojo. Pengantar Dan Asas-Asas Hukum Adat. Jakarta: PT Toko Gunung Agung, 2014.

Yamin, Mohamad. Naskah Persiapan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Jilid Pertama. 1. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, 1959.

Zainurohmah, Zainurohmah, Salim Noer Mahmudi, and Jihan Alfarisi. “Ensuring Legal Certainty for Customary Law Communities in Indonesia: Analyzing the Ratification Process of the Customary Law Communities Bill.” Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 177–202. https://doi.org/10.15294/ ciils.v3i1.78878.

Zazili, Ahmad. “Pengakuan Negara Terhadap Hak-Hak Politik (Right To Vote) Masyarakat Adat Dalam Pelaksanaan Pemilihan Umum (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No.47-81/Phpu.A-Vii/2009).” Jurnal Konstitusi 9, no. 1 (May 20, 2016): 135–62. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk916.

##submission.citations.for##