Realidades atuais da investigação e a possibilidade de levar à justiça os culpados por cometer crimes de guerra no território da Ucrânia
pdf (english) (English)
FLIP
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Aquellos autores/as que tengan publicaciones con esta revista, aceptan los términos siguientes:
- Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de reconocimiento no comercial de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores/as podrán adoptar otros acuerdos de licencia no exclusiva de distribución de la versión de la obra publicada (p. ej.: depositarla en un archivo telemático institucional o publicarla en un volumen monográfico) siempre que se indique la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada. (Véase El efecto del acceso abierto).
Resumo
Ao longo do século XX, o direito internacional humanitário (DIH) passou por uma evolução significativa no combate aos crimes contra a paz (agressão), crimes contra a humanidade, crimes de guerra e genocídio. A agressão armada da Federação Russa contra a Ucrânia levou à ocupação temporária de cerca de 20% do território ucraniano internacionalmente reconhecido (até 2025), acompanhada por violações em larga escala dos direitos humanos e pelo cometimento de crimes de guerra. No contexto de hostilidades ativas, a ausência de jurisdição legal e a incapacidade do sistema de aplicação da lei de atuar nos territórios ocupados criaram um vácuo jurídico que dificulta a investigação eficaz dos crimes. Isso impõe sérios desafios para levar os criminosos de guerra à justiça, considerando as normas do DIH, a cooperação interestatal e o uso de tecnologias forenses digitais avançadas. Metodologicamente, o estudo utiliza uma abordagem interdisciplinar que combina análise de conteúdo, métodos histórico-jurídicos, estudos de caso e modelagem jurídica. São examinados materiais e a prática jurisdicional de tribunais internacionais, incluindo o TPI. Dá-se atenção especial ao uso de inteligência artificial, análise de satélite, modelagem 3D, OSINT e coleta remota de evidências digitais. Com base na experiência internacional e nas lições aprendidas em outros conflitos armados, o artigo oferece recomendações práticas voltadas ao aprimoramento dos métodos e mecanismos investigativos para responsabilizar os culpados por crimes de guerra. Também são analisados exemplos práticos de integração dessas ferramentas, como o uso de modelagem virtual pela polícia bávara, bem como a evolução do DIH no contexto da responsabilidade estatal e da qualificação jurídica dos crimes em territórios ocupados.
Referências
Caianiello, Michele. 2022. “The Role of the EU in the Investigation of Serious International Crimes Committed in Ukraine. Towards a New Model of Cooperation?” European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 30 (3–4): 219–37. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718174-30030002.
District Court of The Hague (2022) “Judgment in the MH17 Criminal Case (ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2022:14039), 17 November 2022”, Uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl. Available online at: https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/details?id=ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2022:14039 (accessed 25 June 2025).
Dutch Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht): Government of the Netherlands (1881) Wetboek van Strafrecht (Dutch Criminal Code). The Hague: Overheid.nl. Available online at: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854 (accessed 25 June 2025).
Euromaidan Press (2019) “Pavia Judges Publish Statement of Reasons for Judicial Decision in Markiv Case”, Euromaidan Press, 14 October. Available online at: https://euromaidanpress.com/2019/10/14/pavia-judges-publish-statement-of-reasons-for-judicial-decision-in-markiv-case/ (accessed 25 June 2025).
Filho, Walter Leal, Mariia Fedoruk, João Henrique Paulino Pires Eustachio, Anastasiia Splodytel, Anatoliy Smaliychuk, and Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska-Jóźwik. 2024. “The Environment as the First Victim: The Impacts of the War on the Preservation Areas in Ukraine.” Journal of Environmental Management 364 (July 2024): 121399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121399.
Furger, Andrea. 2024. “Can They Deliver?” Journal of International Criminal Justice 22 (1): 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqae005.
Glukhovsky, M. (2020) “How Ukraine Saved Sergeant Markiv: Details Revealed”, Glavcom, 28 July. Available online at: https://glavcom.ua/country/incidents/yak-ukrajina-ryatuvala-serzhanta-markiva-stali-vidomi-detali–716260.html (accessed 25 June 2025).
Grishko, A. (2023) “How Analysts Use OSINT to Uncover Russian War Crimes: Satellite Imagery, Social Media Analysis, and AI”, Book of Memory, 7 November. Available online at: https://bookofmemory.com.ua/uk/analytics/how-analysts-use-osint-uncover-russian-war-crimes-satellite-imagery-social-media-analysis-and-ai/ (accessed 25 June 2025).
Helsinki Times (2025) “Voislav Torden Sentenced to Life for War Crimes”, Helsinki Times, 14 March. Available online at: https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/26297-voislav-torden-sentenced-to-life-for-war-crimes.html (accessed 25 June 2025).
Hoffmann, Tamás. 2022. “War or Peace? – International Legal Issues Concerning the Use of Force in the Russia–Ukraine Conflict.” Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 63 (3): 206–35. https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2022.00419.
Hoon, Marieke de, and Antony Pemberton. 2025. “Crossing Borders: A Victimological Perspective on the Legal Aftermath of the Downing of Flight MH17.” International Review of Victimology, ahead of print, November 20, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580251386069.
HRMMU (2025) “3 Year Update: Ukrainian”, HRMMU, 17 February. Available online at: https://hrmmu-3-year-update.my.canva.site/ukrainian (accessed 25 June 2025).
Hubareva, V. (2024) “Wartime Challenges for Ukraine’s Protected Areas”, Uwecworkgroup. Available online at: https://uwecworkgroup.info/wartime-challenges-for-ukraines-protected-areas/ (accessed 25 June 2025).
International Crimes Act (2003) Wet Internationale Misdrijven (International Crimes Act). Government of the Netherlands. The Hague: Overheid.nl. Available online at: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0015252 (accessed 25 June 2025).
International Criminal Court (ICC) (n.d.) “Situation: Ukraine (Case ICC-01/22)”, ICC-CPI.int. Available online at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/situations/ukraine (accessed 25 June 2025).
Kliuiev, O. (2023) “Modern Achievements of Forensic Expert Industry in Ukraine”, Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics, 30(1): 5–11. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2023.0.
Milmo, C. (2022) “The Drone Operators Who Halted the Russian Armoured Vehicles Heading for Kyiv”, The Guardian, 28 March. Available online at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/28/the-drone-operators-who-halted-the-russian-armoured-vehicles-heading-for-kyiv (accessed 25 June 2025).
Ministry for Communities and Territories Development of Ukraine (2025) “Order No. 376 of 28 February 2025 on the Approval of the List of Territories Where Hostilities Are (Were) Taking Place or Temporarily Occupied by the Russian Federation”. Available online at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0380-25 (accessed 25 June 2025).
Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine (2021) “The Supreme Court of Cassation of Rome Rejected All Claims Against the Guardsman Vitalii Markiv”, 9 March. Available online at: https://mvs.gov.ua/en/press-center/news/verxovnii-kasaciinii-sud-rima-vidxiliv-usi-pozovi-proti-gvardiicya-vitaliya-markiva (accessed 25 June 2025).
Online.ua News (2023) “104 Russian Torture Chambers Discovered in De-Occupied Territories of Ukraine – Prosecutor General”, Online.ua. Available online at: https://news.online.ua/104-rosiiski-kativni-viiavleno-na-deokupovanix-teritoriiax-ukrayini-genprokuror-869161/ (accessed 25 June 2025). Zmina (2023) “Since the Beginning of Russia’s Invasion, More Than 16,000 People Have Died – Response to the Request”, Zmina. Available online at: https://zmina.info/news/z-pochatku-vtorgnennya-rf-zagynulo-ponad-16-tysyach-osib-vidpovid-na-zapyt/ (accessed 25 June 2025).
Pereira, Paulo, Ferdo Bašić, Igor Bogunovic, and Damia Barcelo. 2022. “Russian-Ukrainian War Impacts the Total Environment.” Science of The Total Environment 837 (September 2022): 155865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155865.
Pipia, Saba. 2024. “The Effect of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine on Non-Human Animals: International Humanitarian Law Perspectives.” Israel Law Review 57 (2): 265–87. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021223724000086.
Prosecution Service of the Netherlands (2023) Report MH17. Available online at: https://www.prosecutionservice.nl/topics/mh17-plane-crash/documents/publications/mh17/map/2023/report-mh17 (accessed 25 June 2025).
Prosecution Service of the Netherlands (n.d.) “MH17 Plane Crash – Criminal Investigation by the Joint Investigation Team (JIT)”. Prosecutionservice.nl. Available online at: https://www.prosecutionservice.nl/topics/mh17-plane-crash (accessed 25 June 2025).
Shepitko, Valery, Mykhaylo Shepitko, Kateryna Latysh, Mariietta Kapustina, and Evgeniya Demidova. 2024. “Artificial Intelligence in Crime Counteraction: From Legal Regulation to Implementation.” Social Legal Studios 7 (1): 135–44. https://doi.org/10.32518/sals1.2024.135.
Shutyak, L. (2022) “What Is OSINT and How It Helped to Expose the Bucha Killings”, Explainer. Available online at: https://explainer.ua/shho-take-osint-i-yak-vin-dopomig-vikriti-vbivstva-u-buchi/ (accessed 25 June 2025).
Sokurenko, Valerii, Kateryna Levchenko, Serhii Ablamskyi, Oswaldo Pereira de Lima Jr, Goran Šimić, and Vitalii Romaniuk. 2024. “The Legal Regime of the Martial State in Ukraine and Its Impact on the Conduct of Pre-Trial Investigation: New Challenges and Their Overcoming.” Via Inveniendi Et Iudicandi 19 (2): 92–111. https://doi.org/10.15332/19090528.10671.
Tikhonov, S. and Kobets, M. (2023) “Application of the Hardware-Software Complex ‘Cellebrite UFED’ During the Detection and Investigation of Criminal Offenses: Methodical Recommendations”. Kyiv: National Academy of Internal Affairs. Available online at: https://elar.navs.edu.ua/server/api/core/bitstreams/2c421b7f-e0ad-4e98-8f8f-8d8709007c3b/content (accessed 25 June 2025).
U.S. Department of Justice (2023) “Four Russia-Affiliated Military Personnel Charged with War Crimes in Connection with Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine”, 6 December. Available online at: https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/four-russia-affiliated-military-personnel-charged-war-crimes-connection-russias-invasion (accessed 25 June 2025).
U.S. Department of State (2022) “The European Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom Establish the Atrocity Crimes Advisory Group (ACA) for Ukraine”, U.S. Department of State, 25 May. Available online at: https://ua.usembassy.gov/the-european-union-the-united-states-and-the-united-kingdom-establish-the-atrocity-crimes-advisory-group-aca-for-ukraine/ (accessed 25 June 2025).
Ukrainska Pravda (2024) “Executions of Prisoners. Torture in Captivity. Abducted Children. Complaints About Territorial Recruitment Centres – Lubinets | Wednesday Evening”, YouTube. Available online at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtWssl0zFGk (accessed 30 May 2025).
Zadoia, K. (2024) “The First Criminal Case in the USA Regarding War Crimes Committed in Ukraine”, The Global T4P Initiative (Tribunal for Putin). Available online at: https://t4pua.org/2281 (accessed 25 June 2025).
